Metabolic
Peptides
Compound profile

Tirzepatide: Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist

A dual-agonist activating both GIP and GLP-1 receptors, with Phase 3 trial data demonstrating substantial glycaemic and weight-loss efficacy.

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What it is

Tirzepatide is a synthetic peptide combining GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonism in a single molecule. FDA- and EMA-approved (Mounjaro, Zepbound) for T2D and chronic weight management.

Evidence snapshot

Category: Metabolic. Status: Human Trials. See the references section below for the underlying primary sources.

Mechanism

Activates both GIP and GLP-1 receptors, producing enhanced effects on insulin secretion, glucagon suppression, gastric emptying, and appetite regulation compared with selective GLP-1 agonism.

Key research findings

Across the SURPASS and SURMOUNT programs, tirzepatide produced dose-dependent reductions in HbA1c and body weight. Greater weight loss vs semaglutide in head-to-head SURPASS-2 trial.

Limits of the evidence

GI adverse effects are common. Long-term safety data still being collected. Cardiovascular outcomes trial results pending. Access and cost remain significant real-world constraints.

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